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GNU gettext utilities

Table of Contents


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GNU gettext utilities

This manual documents the GNU gettext tools and the GNU libintl library, version 0.21.

• Introduction:

  

Introduction

• Users:

  

The User’s View

• PO Files:

  

The Format of PO Files

• Sources:

  

Preparing Program Sources

• Template:

  

Making the PO Template File

• Creating:

  

Creating a New PO File

• Updating:

  

Updating Existing PO Files

• Editing:

  

Editing PO Files

• Manipulating:

  

Manipulating PO Files

• Binaries:

  

Producing Binary MO Files

• Programmers:

  

The Programmer’s View

• Translators:

  

The Translator’s View

• Maintainers:

  

The Maintainer’s View

• Installers:

  

The Installer’s and Distributor’s View

• Programming Languages:

  

Other Programming Languages

• Data Formats:

  

Other Data Formats

• Conclusion:

  

Concluding Remarks 



• Language Codes:

  

ISO 639 language codes

• Country Codes:

  

ISO 3166 country codes

• Licenses:

  

Licenses





• Program Index:

  

Index of Programs

• Option Index:

  

Index of Command-Line Options

• Variable Index:

  

Index of Environment Variables

• PO Mode Index:

  

Index of Emacs PO Mode Commands

• Autoconf Macro Index:

  

Index of Autoconf Macros

• Index:

  

General Index





 — The Detailed Node Listing —

Introduction



• Why:

  

The Purpose of GNU gettext

• Concepts:

  

I18n, L10n, and Such

• Aspects:

  

Aspects in Native Language Support

• Files:

  

Files Conveying Translations

• Overview:

  

Overview of GNU gettext



The User’s View



• System Installation:

  

Questions During Operating System Installation

• Setting the GUI Locale:

  

How to Specify the Locale Used by GUI Programs

• Setting the POSIX Locale:

  

How to Specify the Locale According to POSIX

• Working in a Windows console:

  

Obtaining good output in a Windows console

• Installing Localizations:

  

How to Install Additional Translations



Setting the Locale through Environment Variables



• Locale Names:

  

How a Locale Specification Looks Like

• Locale Environment Variables:

  

Which Environment Variable Specfies What

• The LANGUAGE variable:

  

How to Specify a Priority List of Languages



Preparing Program Sources



• Importing:

  

Importing the gettext declaration

• Triggering:

  

Triggering gettext Operations

• Preparing Strings:

  

Preparing Translatable Strings

• Mark Keywords:

  

How Marks Appear in Sources

• Marking:

  

Marking Translatable Strings

• c-format Flag:

  

Telling something about the following string

• Special cases:

  

Special Cases of Translatable Strings

• Bug Report Address:

  

Letting Users Report Translation Bugs

• Names:

  

Marking Proper Names for Translation

• Libraries:

  

Preparing Library Sources



Making the PO Template File



• xgettext Invocation:

  

Invoking the xgettext Program



Creating a New PO File



• msginit Invocation:

  

Invoking the msginit Program

• Header Entry:

  

Filling in the Header Entry



Updating Existing PO Files



• msgmerge Invocation:

  

Invoking the msgmerge Program



Editing PO Files



• KBabel:

  

KDE’s PO File Editor

• Gtranslator:

  

GNOME’s PO File Editor

• PO Mode:

  

Emacs’s PO File Editor

• Compendium:

  

Using Translation Compendia



Emacs’s PO File Editor



• Installation:

  

Completing GNU gettext Installation

• Main PO Commands:

  

Main Commands

• Entry Positioning:

  

Entry Positioning

• Normalizing:

  

Normalizing Strings in Entries

• Translated Entries:

  

Translated Entries

• Fuzzy Entries:

  

Fuzzy Entries

• Untranslated Entries:

  

Untranslated Entries

• Obsolete Entries:

  

Obsolete Entries

• Modifying Translations:

  

Modifying Translations

• Modifying Comments:

  

Modifying Comments

• Subedit:

  

Mode for Editing Translations

• C Sources Context:

  

C Sources Context

• Auxiliary:

  

Consulting Auxiliary PO Files



Using Translation Compendia



• Creating Compendia:

  

Merging translations for later use

• Using Compendia:

  

Using older translations if they fit



Manipulating PO Files



• msgcat Invocation:

  

Invoking the msgcat Program

• msgconv Invocation:

  

Invoking the msgconv Program

• msggrep Invocation:

  

Invoking the msggrep Program

• msgfilter Invocation:

  

Invoking the msgfilter Program

• msguniq Invocation:

  

Invoking the msguniq Program

• msgcomm Invocation:

  

Invoking the msgcomm Program

• msgcmp Invocation:

  

Invoking the msgcmp Program

• msgattrib Invocation:

  

Invoking the msgattrib Program

• msgen Invocation:

  

Invoking the msgen Program

• msgexec Invocation:

  

Invoking the msgexec Program

• Colorizing:

  

Highlighting parts of PO files

• Other tools:

  

Other tools for manipulating PO files

• libgettextpo:

  

Writing your own programs that process PO files



Highlighting parts of PO files



• The --color option:

  

Triggering colorized output

• The TERM variable:

  

The environment variable TERM

• The --style option:

  

The --style option

• Style rules:

  

Style rules for PO files

• Customizing less:

  

Customizing less for viewing PO files



Producing Binary MO Files



• msgfmt Invocation:

  

Invoking the msgfmt Program

• msgunfmt Invocation:

  

Invoking the msgunfmt Program

• MO Files:

  

The Format of GNU MO Files



The Programmer’s View



• catgets:

  

About catgets

• gettext:

  

About gettext

• Comparison:

  

Comparing the two interfaces

• Using libintl.a:

  

Using libintl.a in own programs

• gettext grok:

  

Being a gettext grok

• Temp Programmers:

  

Temporary Notes for the Programmers Chapter



About catgets



• Interface to catgets:

  

The interface

• Problems with catgets:

  

Problems with the catgets interface?!



About gettext



• Interface to gettext:

  

The interface

• Ambiguities:

  

Solving ambiguities

• Locating Catalogs:

  

Locating message catalog files

• Charset conversion:

  

How to request conversion to Unicode

• Contexts:

  

Solving ambiguities in GUI programs

• Plural forms:

  

Additional functions for handling plurals

• Optimized gettext:

  

Optimization of the *gettext functions



Temporary Notes for the Programmers Chapter



• Temp Implementations:

  

Temporary - Two Possible Implementations

• Temp catgets:

  

Temporary - About catgets

• Temp WSI:

  

Temporary - Why a single implementation

• Temp Notes:

  

Temporary - Notes



The Translator’s View



• Trans Intro 0:

  

Introduction 0

• Trans Intro 1:

  

Introduction 1

• Discussions:

  

Discussions

• Organization:

  

Organization

• Information Flow:

  

Information Flow

• Translating plural forms:

  

How to fill in msgstr[0], msgstr[1]

• Prioritizing messages:

  

How to find which messages to translate first



Organization



• Central Coordination:

  

Central Coordination

• National Teams:

  

National Teams

• Mailing Lists:

  

Mailing Lists



National Teams



• Sub-Cultures:

  

Sub-Cultures

• Organizational Ideas:

  

Organizational Ideas



The Maintainer’s View



• Flat and Non-Flat:

  

Flat or Non-Flat Directory Structures

• Prerequisites:

  

Prerequisite Works

• gettextize Invocation:

  

Invoking the gettextize Program

• Adjusting Files:

  

Files You Must Create or Alter

• autoconf macros:

  

Autoconf macros for use in configure.ac

• Version Control Issues:

  

• Release Management:

  

Creating a Distribution Tarball



Files You Must Create or Alter



• po/POTFILES.in:

  

POTFILES.in in po/

• po/LINGUAS:

  

LINGUAS in po/

• po/Makevars:

  

Makevars in po/

• po/Rules-*:

  

Extending Makefile in po/

• configure.ac:

  

configure.ac at top level

• config.guess:

  

config.guess, config.sub at top level

• mkinstalldirs:

  

mkinstalldirs at top level

• aclocal:

  

aclocal.m4 at top level

• config.h.in:

  

config.h.in at top level

• Makefile:

  

Makefile.in at top level

• src/Makefile:

  

Makefile.in in src/

• lib/gettext.h:

  

gettext.h in lib/



Autoconf macros for use in configure.ac



• AM_GNU_GETTEXT:

  

AM_GNU_GETTEXT in gettext.m4

• AM_GNU_GETTEXT_VERSION:

  

AM_GNU_GETTEXT_VERSION in gettext.m4

• AM_GNU_GETTEXT_NEED:

  

AM_GNU_GETTEXT_NEED in gettext.m4

• AM_PO_SUBDIRS:

  

AM_PO_SUBDIRS in po.m4

• AM_XGETTEXT_OPTION:

  

AM_XGETTEXT_OPTION in po.m4

• AM_ICONV:

  

AM_ICONV in iconv.m4



Integrating with Version Control Systems



• Distributed Development:

  

Avoiding version mismatch in distributed development

• Files under Version Control:

  

Files to put under version control

• Translations under Version Control:

  

Put PO Files under Version Control

• autopoint Invocation:

  

Invoking the autopoint Program



Other Programming Languages



• Language Implementors:

  

The Language Implementor’s View

• Programmers for other Languages:

  

The Programmer’s View

• Translators for other Languages:

  

The Translator’s View

• Maintainers for other Languages:

  

The Maintainer’s View

• List of Programming Languages:

  

Individual Programming Languages



The Translator’s View



• c-format:

  

C Format Strings

• objc-format:

  

Objective C Format Strings

• python-format:

  

Python Format Strings

• java-format:

  

Java Format Strings

• csharp-format:

  

C# Format Strings

• javascript-format:

  

JavaScript Format Strings

• scheme-format:

  

Scheme Format Strings

• lisp-format:

  

Lisp Format Strings

• elisp-format:

  

Emacs Lisp Format Strings

• librep-format:

  

librep Format Strings

• ruby-format:

  

Ruby Format Strings

• sh-format:

  

Shell Format Strings

• awk-format:

  

awk Format Strings

• lua-format:

  

Lua Format Strings

• object-pascal-format:

  

Object Pascal Format Strings

• smalltalk-format:

  

Smalltalk Format Strings

• qt-format:

  

Qt Format Strings

• qt-plural-format:

  

Qt Plural Format Strings

• kde-format:

  

KDE Format Strings

• kde-kuit-format:

  

KUIT Format Strings

• boost-format:

  

Boost Format Strings

• tcl-format:

  

Tcl Format Strings

• perl-format:

  

Perl Format Strings

• php-format:

  

PHP Format Strings

• gcc-internal-format:

  

GCC internal Format Strings

• gfc-internal-format:

  

GFC internal Format Strings

• ycp-format:

  

YCP Format Strings



Individual Programming Languages



• C:

  

C, C++, Objective C

• Python:

  

Python

• Java:

  

Java

• C#:

  

C#

• JavaScript:

  

JavaScript

• Scheme:

  

GNU guile - Scheme

• Common Lisp:

  

GNU clisp - Common Lisp

• clisp C:

  

GNU clisp C sources

• Emacs Lisp:

  

Emacs Lisp

• librep:

  

librep

• Ruby:

  

Ruby

• sh:

  

sh - Shell Script

• bash:

  

bash - Bourne-Again Shell Script

• gawk:

  

GNU awk

• Lua:

  

Lua

• Pascal:

  

Pascal - Free Pascal Compiler

• Smalltalk:

  

GNU Smalltalk

• Vala:

  

Vala

• wxWidgets:

  

wxWidgets library

• Tcl:

  

Tcl - Tk’s scripting language

• Perl:

  

Perl

• PHP:

  

PHP Hypertext Preprocessor

• Pike:

  

Pike

• GCC-source:

  

GNU Compiler Collection sources

• YCP:

  

YCP - YaST2 scripting language



sh - Shell Script



• Preparing Shell Scripts:

  

Preparing Shell Scripts for Internationalization

• gettext.sh:

  

Contents of gettext.sh

• gettext Invocation:

  

Invoking the gettext program

• ngettext Invocation:

  

Invoking the ngettext program

• envsubst Invocation:

  

Invoking the envsubst program

• eval_gettext Invocation:

  

Invoking the eval_gettext function

• eval_ngettext Invocation:

  

Invoking the eval_ngettext function

• eval_pgettext Invocation:

  

Invoking the eval_pgettext function

• eval_npgettext Invocation:

  

Invoking the eval_npgettext function



Perl



• General Problems:

  

General Problems Parsing Perl Code

• Default Keywords:

  

Which Keywords Will xgettext Look For?

• Special Keywords:

  

How to Extract Hash Keys

• Quote-like Expressions:

  

What are Strings And Quote-like Expressions?

• Interpolation I:

  

Invalid String Interpolation

• Interpolation II:

  

Valid String Interpolation

• Parentheses:

  

When To Use Parentheses

• Long Lines:

  

How To Grok with Long Lines

• Perl Pitfalls:

  

Bugs, Pitfalls, and Things That Do Not Work



Other Data Formats



• Internationalizable Data:

  

Internationalizable Data Formats

• Localized Data:

  

Localized Data Formats



Internationalizable Data Formats



• POT:

  

POT - Portable Object Template

• RST:

  

Resource String Table

• Glade:

  

Glade - GNOME user interface description

• GSettings:

  

GSettings - GNOME user configuration schema

• AppData:

  

AppData - freedesktop.org application description

• Preparing ITS Rules:

  

Preparing Rules for XML Internationalization



Localized Data Formats



• Editable Message Catalogs:

  

Editable Message Catalogs

• Compiled Message Catalogs:

  

Compiled Message Catalogs

• Desktop Entry:

  

Desktop Entry files

• XML:

  

XML files



Editable Message Catalogs



• PO:

  

PO - Portable Object

• Java .properties:

  

Java .properties

• GNUstep .strings:

  

NeXTstep/GNUstep .strings



Compiled Message Catalogs



• MO:

  

MO - Machine Object

• Java ResourceBundle:

  

Java ResourceBundle

• C# Satellite Assembly:

  

C# Satellite Assembly

• C# Resource:

  

C# Resource

• Tcl message catalog:

  

Tcl message catalog

• Qt message catalog:

  

Qt message catalog



Concluding Remarks



• History:

  

History of GNU gettext

• The original ABOUT-NLS:

  

Historical introduction

• References:

  

Related Readings



Language Codes



• Usual Language Codes:

  

Two-letter ISO 639 language codes

• Rare Language Codes:

  

Three-letter ISO 639 language codes



Licenses



• GNU GPL:

  

GNU General Public License

• GNU LGPL:

  

GNU Lesser General Public License

• GNU FDL:

  

GNU Free Documentation License







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