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GNU gettext utilities

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GNU gettext utilities

This manual documents the GNU gettext tools and the GNU libintl library, version 0.21.

• Introduction:    Introduction
• Users:    The User’s View
• PO Files:    The Format of PO Files
• Sources:    Preparing Program Sources
• Template:    Making the PO Template File
• Creating:    Creating a New PO File
• Updating:    Updating Existing PO Files
• Editing:    Editing PO Files
• Manipulating:    Manipulating PO Files
• Binaries:    Producing Binary MO Files
• Programmers:    The Programmer’s View
• Translators:    The Translator’s View
• Maintainers:    The Maintainer’s View
• Installers:    The Installer’s and Distributor’s View
• Programming Languages:    Other Programming Languages
• Data Formats:    Other Data Formats
• Conclusion:    Concluding Remarks 









• Language Codes:

  

ISO 639 language codes




• Country Codes:

  

ISO 3166 country codes




• Licenses:

  

Licenses















• Program Index:

  

Index of Programs




• Option Index:

  

Index of Command-Line Options




• Variable Index:

  

Index of Environment Variables




• PO Mode Index:

  

Index of Emacs PO Mode Commands




• Autoconf Macro Index:

  

Index of Autoconf Macros




• Index:

  

General Index

















 — The Detailed Node Listing —

Introduction










• Why:

  

The Purpose of GNU gettext




• Concepts:

  

I18n, L10n, and Such




• Aspects:

  

Aspects in Native Language Support




• Files:

  

Files Conveying Translations




• Overview:

  

Overview of GNU gettext






The User’s View










• System Installation:

  

Questions During Operating System Installation




• Setting the GUI Locale:

  

How to Specify the Locale Used by GUI Programs




• Setting the POSIX Locale:

  

How to Specify the Locale According to POSIX




• Working in a Windows console:

  

Obtaining good output in a Windows console




• Installing Localizations:

  

How to Install Additional Translations






Setting the Locale through Environment Variables










• Locale Names:

  

How a Locale Specification Looks Like




• Locale Environment Variables:

  

Which Environment Variable Specfies What




• The LANGUAGE variable:

  

How to Specify a Priority List of Languages






Preparing Program Sources










• Importing:

  

Importing the gettext declaration




• Triggering:

  

Triggering gettext Operations




• Preparing Strings:

  

Preparing Translatable Strings




• Mark Keywords:

  

How Marks Appear in Sources




• Marking:

  

Marking Translatable Strings




• c-format Flag:

  

Telling something about the following string




• Special cases:

  

Special Cases of Translatable Strings




• Bug Report Address:

  

Letting Users Report Translation Bugs




• Names:

  

Marking Proper Names for Translation




• Libraries:

  

Preparing Library Sources






Making the PO Template File










• xgettext Invocation:

  

Invoking the xgettext Program






Creating a New PO File










• msginit Invocation:

  

Invoking the msginit Program




• Header Entry:

  

Filling in the Header Entry






Updating Existing PO Files










• msgmerge Invocation:

  

Invoking the msgmerge Program






Editing PO Files










• KBabel:

  

KDE’s PO File Editor




• Gtranslator:

  

GNOME’s PO File Editor




• PO Mode:

  

Emacs’s PO File Editor




• Compendium:

  

Using Translation Compendia






Emacs’s PO File Editor










• Installation:

  

Completing GNU gettext Installation




• Main PO Commands:

  

Main Commands




• Entry Positioning:

  

Entry Positioning




• Normalizing:

  

Normalizing Strings in Entries




• Translated Entries:

  

Translated Entries




• Fuzzy Entries:

  

Fuzzy Entries




• Untranslated Entries:

  

Untranslated Entries




• Obsolete Entries:

  

Obsolete Entries




• Modifying Translations:

  

Modifying Translations




• Modifying Comments:

  

Modifying Comments




• Subedit:

  

Mode for Editing Translations




• C Sources Context:

  

C Sources Context




• Auxiliary:

  

Consulting Auxiliary PO Files






Using Translation Compendia










• Creating Compendia:

  

Merging translations for later use




• Using Compendia:

  

Using older translations if they fit






Manipulating PO Files










• msgcat Invocation:

  

Invoking the msgcat Program




• msgconv Invocation:

  

Invoking the msgconv Program




• msggrep Invocation:

  

Invoking the msggrep Program




• msgfilter Invocation:

  

Invoking the msgfilter Program




• msguniq Invocation:

  

Invoking the msguniq Program




• msgcomm Invocation:

  

Invoking the msgcomm Program




• msgcmp Invocation:

  

Invoking the msgcmp Program




• msgattrib Invocation:

  

Invoking the msgattrib Program




• msgen Invocation:

  

Invoking the msgen Program




• msgexec Invocation:

  

Invoking the msgexec Program




• Colorizing:

  

Highlighting parts of PO files




• Other tools:

  

Other tools for manipulating PO files




• libgettextpo:

  

Writing your own programs that process PO files






Highlighting parts of PO files










• The --color option:

  

Triggering colorized output




• The TERM variable:

  

The environment variable TERM




• The --style option:

  

The --style option




• Style rules:

  

Style rules for PO files




• Customizing less:

  

Customizing less for viewing PO files






Producing Binary MO Files










• msgfmt Invocation:

  

Invoking the msgfmt Program




• msgunfmt Invocation:

  

Invoking the msgunfmt Program




• MO Files:

  

The Format of GNU MO Files






The Programmer’s View










• catgets:

  

About catgets




• gettext:

  

About gettext




• Comparison:

  

Comparing the two interfaces




• Using libintl.a:

  

Using libintl.a in own programs




• gettext grok:

  

Being a gettext grok




• Temp Programmers:

  

Temporary Notes for the Programmers Chapter






About catgets










• Interface to catgets:

  

The interface




• Problems with catgets:

  

Problems with the catgets interface?!






About gettext










• Interface to gettext:

  

The interface




• Ambiguities:

  

Solving ambiguities




• Locating Catalogs:

  

Locating message catalog files




• Charset conversion:

  

How to request conversion to Unicode




• Contexts:

  

Solving ambiguities in GUI programs




• Plural forms:

  

Additional functions for handling plurals




• Optimized gettext:

  

Optimization of the *gettext functions






Temporary Notes for the Programmers Chapter










• Temp Implementations:

  

Temporary - Two Possible Implementations




• Temp catgets:

  

Temporary - About catgets




• Temp WSI:

  

Temporary - Why a single implementation




• Temp Notes:

  

Temporary - Notes






The Translator’s View










• Trans Intro 0:

  

Introduction 0




• Trans Intro 1:

  

Introduction 1




• Discussions:

  

Discussions




• Organization:

  

Organization




• Information Flow:

  

Information Flow




• Translating plural forms:

  

How to fill in msgstr[0], msgstr[1]




• Prioritizing messages:

  

How to find which messages to translate first






Organization










• Central Coordination:

  

Central Coordination




• National Teams:

  

National Teams




• Mailing Lists:

  

Mailing Lists






National Teams










• Sub-Cultures:

  

Sub-Cultures




• Organizational Ideas:

  

Organizational Ideas






The Maintainer’s View










• Flat and Non-Flat:

  

Flat or Non-Flat Directory Structures




• Prerequisites:

  

Prerequisite Works




• gettextize Invocation:

  

Invoking the gettextize Program




• Adjusting Files:

  

Files You Must Create or Alter




• autoconf macros:

  

Autoconf macros for use in configure.ac




• Version Control Issues:

  






• Release Management:

  

Creating a Distribution Tarball






Files You Must Create or Alter










• po/POTFILES.in:

  

POTFILES.in in po/




• po/LINGUAS:

  

LINGUAS in po/




• po/Makevars:

  

Makevars in po/




• po/Rules-*:

  

Extending Makefile in po/




• configure.ac:

  

configure.ac at top level




• config.guess:

  

config.guess, config.sub at top level




• mkinstalldirs:

  

mkinstalldirs at top level




• aclocal:

  

aclocal.m4 at top level




• config.h.in:

  

config.h.in at top level




• Makefile:

  

Makefile.in at top level




• src/Makefile:

  

Makefile.in in src/




• lib/gettext.h:

  

gettext.h in lib/






Autoconf macros for use in configure.ac










• AM_GNU_GETTEXT:

  

AM_GNU_GETTEXT in gettext.m4




• AM_GNU_GETTEXT_VERSION:

  

AM_GNU_GETTEXT_VERSION in gettext.m4




• AM_GNU_GETTEXT_NEED:

  

AM_GNU_GETTEXT_NEED in gettext.m4




• AM_PO_SUBDIRS:

  

AM_PO_SUBDIRS in po.m4




• AM_XGETTEXT_OPTION:

  

AM_XGETTEXT_OPTION in po.m4




• AM_ICONV:

  

AM_ICONV in iconv.m4






Integrating with Version Control Systems










• Distributed Development:

  

Avoiding version mismatch in distributed development




• Files under Version Control:

  

Files to put under version control




• Translations under Version Control:

  

Put PO Files under Version Control




• autopoint Invocation:

  

Invoking the autopoint Program






Other Programming Languages










• Language Implementors:

  

The Language Implementor’s View




• Programmers for other Languages:

  

The Programmer’s View




• Translators for other Languages:

  

The Translator’s View




• Maintainers for other Languages:

  

The Maintainer’s View




• List of Programming Languages:

  

Individual Programming Languages






The Translator’s View










• c-format:

  

C Format Strings




• objc-format:

  

Objective C Format Strings




• python-format:

  

Python Format Strings




• java-format:

  

Java Format Strings




• csharp-format:

  

C# Format Strings




• javascript-format:

  

JavaScript Format Strings




• scheme-format:

  

Scheme Format Strings




• lisp-format:

  

Lisp Format Strings




• elisp-format:

  

Emacs Lisp Format Strings




• librep-format:

  

librep Format Strings




• ruby-format:

  

Ruby Format Strings




• sh-format:

  

Shell Format Strings




• awk-format:

  

awk Format Strings




• lua-format:

  

Lua Format Strings




• object-pascal-format:

  

Object Pascal Format Strings




• smalltalk-format:

  

Smalltalk Format Strings




• qt-format:

  

Qt Format Strings




• qt-plural-format:

  

Qt Plural Format Strings




• kde-format:

  

KDE Format Strings




• kde-kuit-format:

  

KUIT Format Strings




• boost-format:

  

Boost Format Strings




• tcl-format:

  

Tcl Format Strings




• perl-format:

  

Perl Format Strings




• php-format:

  

PHP Format Strings




• gcc-internal-format:

  

GCC internal Format Strings




• gfc-internal-format:

  

GFC internal Format Strings




• ycp-format:

  

YCP Format Strings






Individual Programming Languages










• C:

  

C, C++, Objective C




• Python:

  

Python




• Java:

  

Java




• C#:

  

C#




• JavaScript:

  

JavaScript




• Scheme:

  

GNU guile - Scheme




• Common Lisp:

  

GNU clisp - Common Lisp




• clisp C:

  

GNU clisp C sources




• Emacs Lisp:

  

Emacs Lisp




• librep:

  

librep




• Ruby:

  

Ruby




• sh:

  

sh - Shell Script




• bash:

  

bash - Bourne-Again Shell Script




• gawk:

  

GNU awk




• Lua:

  

Lua




• Pascal:

  

Pascal - Free Pascal Compiler




• Smalltalk:

  

GNU Smalltalk




• Vala:

  

Vala




• wxWidgets:

  

wxWidgets library




• Tcl:

  

Tcl - Tk’s scripting language




• Perl:

  

Perl




• PHP:

  

PHP Hypertext Preprocessor




• Pike:

  

Pike




• GCC-source:

  

GNU Compiler Collection sources




• YCP:

  

YCP - YaST2 scripting language






sh - Shell Script










• Preparing Shell Scripts:

  

Preparing Shell Scripts for Internationalization




• gettext.sh:

  

Contents of gettext.sh




• gettext Invocation:

  

Invoking the gettext program




• ngettext Invocation:

  

Invoking the ngettext program




• envsubst Invocation:

  

Invoking the envsubst program




• eval_gettext Invocation:

  

Invoking the eval_gettext function




• eval_ngettext Invocation:

  

Invoking the eval_ngettext function




• eval_pgettext Invocation:

  

Invoking the eval_pgettext function




• eval_npgettext Invocation:

  

Invoking the eval_npgettext function






Perl










• General Problems:

  

General Problems Parsing Perl Code




• Default Keywords:

  

Which Keywords Will xgettext Look For?




• Special Keywords:

  

How to Extract Hash Keys




• Quote-like Expressions:

  

What are Strings And Quote-like Expressions?




• Interpolation I:

  

Invalid String Interpolation




• Interpolation II:

  

Valid String Interpolation




• Parentheses:

  

When To Use Parentheses




• Long Lines:

  

How To Grok with Long Lines




• Perl Pitfalls:

  

Bugs, Pitfalls, and Things That Do Not Work






Other Data Formats










• Internationalizable Data:

  

Internationalizable Data Formats




• Localized Data:

  

Localized Data Formats






Internationalizable Data Formats










• POT:

  

POT - Portable Object Template




• RST:

  

Resource String Table




• Glade:

  

Glade - GNOME user interface description




• GSettings:

  

GSettings - GNOME user configuration schema




• AppData:

  

AppData - freedesktop.org application description




• Preparing ITS Rules:

  

Preparing Rules for XML Internationalization






Localized Data Formats










• Editable Message Catalogs:

  

Editable Message Catalogs




• Compiled Message Catalogs:

  

Compiled Message Catalogs




• Desktop Entry:

  

Desktop Entry files




• XML:

  

XML files






Editable Message Catalogs










• PO:

  

PO - Portable Object




• Java .properties:

  

Java .properties




• GNUstep .strings:

  

NeXTstep/GNUstep .strings






Compiled Message Catalogs










• MO:

  

MO - Machine Object




• Java ResourceBundle:

  

Java ResourceBundle




• C# Satellite Assembly:

  

C# Satellite Assembly




• C# Resource:

  

C# Resource




• Tcl message catalog:

  

Tcl message catalog




• Qt message catalog:

  

Qt message catalog






Concluding Remarks










• History:

  

History of GNU gettext




• The original ABOUT-NLS:

  

Historical introduction




• References:

  

Related Readings






Language Codes










• Usual Language Codes:

  

Two-letter ISO 639 language codes




• Rare Language Codes:

  

Three-letter ISO 639 language codes






Licenses










• GNU GPL:

  

GNU General Public License




• GNU LGPL:

  

GNU Lesser General Public License




• GNU FDL:

  

GNU Free Documentation License























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