Web/CSS/transform

The transform CSS property lets you rotate, scale, skew, or translate an element. It modifies the coordinate space of the CSS visual formatting model.

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If the property has a value different than none, a stacking context will be created. In that case, the element will act as a containing block for any position: fixed; or position: absolute; elements that it contains.

Only transformable elements can be transformed. That is, all elements whose layout is governed by the CSS box model except for: non-replaced inline boxes, table-column boxes, and table-column-group boxes.

Syntax

/* Keyword values */
transform: none;

/* Function values */
transform: matrix(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0);
transform: matrix3d(1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1);
transform: perspective(17px);
transform: rotate(0.5turn);
transform: rotate3d(1, 2.0, 3.0, 10deg);
transform: rotateX(10deg);
transform: rotateY(10deg);
transform: rotateZ(10deg);
transform: translate(12px, 50%);
transform: translate3d(12px, 50%, 3em);
transform: translateX(2em);
transform: translateY(3in);
transform: translateZ(2px);
transform: scale(2, 0.5);
transform: scale3d(2.5, 1.2, 0.3);
transform: scaleX(2);
transform: scaleY(0.5);
transform: scaleZ(0.3);
transform: skew(30deg, 20deg);
transform: skewX(30deg);
transform: skewY(1.07rad);

/* Multiple function values */
transform: translateX(10px) rotate(10deg) translateY(5px);
transform: perspective(500px) translate(10px, 0, 20px) rotateY(3deg);

/* Global values */
transform: inherit;
transform: initial;
transform: unset;

The transform property may be specified as either the keyword value none or as one or more <transform-function> values.

If perspective() is one of multiple function values, it must be listed first.

Values

<transform-function>: One or more of the CSS transform functions to be applied. The transform functions are multiplied in order from left to right, meaning that composite transforms are effectively applied in order from right to left.
none: Specifies that no transform should be applied.

Accessibility concerns

Scaling/zooming animations are problematic for accessibility, as they are a common trigger for certain types of migraine. If you need to include such animations on your website, you should provide a control to allow users to turn off animations, preferrably site-wide.

Also, consider making use of the prefers-reduced-motion media feature — use it to write a media query that will turn off animations if the user has reduced animation specified in their system preferences.

Find out more:

Formal definition

Initial value	`none`
Applies to	transformable elements
Inherited	no
Percentages	refer to the size of bounding box
Computed value	as specified, but with relative lengths converted into absolute lengths
Animation type	a transform
Creates stacking context	yes

Formal syntax

none | <transform-list>where <transform-list> = <transform-function>+where <transform-function> = <matrix()> | <translate()> | <translateX()> | <translateY()> | <scale()> | <scaleX()> | <scaleY()> | <rotate()> | <skew()> | <skewX()> | <skewY()> | <matrix3d()> | <translate3d()> | <translateZ()> | <scale3d()> | <scaleZ()> | <rotate3d()> | <rotateX()> | <rotateY()> | <rotateZ()> | <perspective()>where <matrix()> = matrix( <number>#{6} )<translate()> = translate( <length-percentage> , <length-percentage>? )<translateX()> = translateX( <length-percentage> )<translateY()> = translateY( <length-percentage> )<scale()> = scale( <number> , <number>? )<scaleX()> = scaleX( <number> )<scaleY()> = scaleY( <number> )<rotate()> = rotate( [ <angle> | <zero> ] )<skew()> = skew( [ <angle> | <zero> ] , [ <angle> | <zero> ]? )<skewX()> = skewX( [ <angle> | <zero> ] )<skewY()> = skewY( [ <angle> | <zero> ] )<matrix3d()> = matrix3d( <number>#{16} )<translate3d()> = translate3d( <length-percentage> , <length-percentage> , <length> )<translateZ()> = translateZ( <length> )<scale3d()> = scale3d( <number> , <number> , <number> )<scaleZ()> = scaleZ( <number> )<rotate3d()> = rotate3d( <number> , <number> , <number> , [ <angle> | <zero> ] )<rotateX()> = rotateX( [ <angle> | <zero> ] )<rotateY()> = rotateY( [ <angle> | <zero> ] )<rotateZ()> = rotateZ( [ <angle> | <zero> ] )<perspective()> = perspective( <length> )where <length-percentage> = <length> | <percentage>

Examples

Translating and rotating an element

HTML

<div>Transformed element</div>

CSS

div {
  border: solid red;
  transform: translate(30px, 20px) rotate(20deg);
  width: 140px;
  height: 60px;
}

Result

More examples

Please see Using CSS transforms and <transform-function> for more examples.

Specifications

Specification	Status	Comment
CSS Transforms Level 2The definition of 'transform' in that specification.	Editor's Draft	Adds 3D transform functions.
CSS Transforms Level 1The definition of 'transform' in that specification.	Working Draft	Initial definition.

Browser compatibility

Update compatibility data on GitHub

	Desktop						Mobile
	Chrome	Edge	Firefox	Internet Explorer	Opera	Safari	Android webview	Chrome for Android	Firefox for Android	Opera for Android	Safari on iOS	Samsung Internet
`transform`	Chrome Full support 36 Full support 36 Full support 1 Prefixed' Prefixed' Implemented with the vendor prefix: -webkit-	Edge Full support 12 Full support 12 Full support 12 Prefixed' Prefixed' Implemented with the vendor prefix: -webkit-	Firefox Full support 16 Full support 16 Full support 49 Prefixed' Prefixed' Implemented with the vendor prefix: -webkit- Full support 44 Prefixed' Disabled' Prefixed' Implemented with the vendor prefix: -webkit- Disabled' From version 44: this feature is behind the `layout.css.prefixes.webkit` preference (needs to be set to `true`). To change preferences in Firefox, visit about:config.	IE Full support 10 Notes' Full support 10 Notes' Notes' Internet Explorer does not support the global values `initial` and `unset`. Full support 11 Prefixed' Prefixed' Implemented with the vendor prefix: -webkit- Full support 9 Prefixed' Notes' Prefixed' Implemented with the vendor prefix: -ms- Notes' Internet Explorer 5.5 or later supports a proprietary Matrix Filter which can be used to achieve a similar effect.	Opera Full support 23 Full support 23 Full support 15 Prefixed' Prefixed' Implemented with the vendor prefix: -webkit- No support 12.1 — 15 No support 10.5 — 15 Prefixed' Prefixed' Implemented with the vendor prefix: -o-	Safari Full support 9 Full support 9 Full support 3.1 Prefixed' Prefixed' Implemented with the vendor prefix: -webkit-	WebView Android Full support 37 Full support 37 Full support 2 Prefixed' Notes' Prefixed' Implemented with the vendor prefix: -webkit- Notes' Android 2.3 has a bug where input forms will "jump" when typing, if any container element has a `-webkit-transform`.	Chrome Android Full support 36 Full support 36 Full support 18 Prefixed' Prefixed' Implemented with the vendor prefix: -webkit-	Firefox Android Full support 16 Full support 16 Full support 49 Prefixed' Prefixed' Implemented with the vendor prefix: -webkit- Full support 44 Prefixed' Disabled' Prefixed' Implemented with the vendor prefix: -webkit- Disabled' From version 44: this feature is behind the `layout.css.prefixes.webkit` preference (needs to be set to `true`). To change preferences in Firefox, visit about:config.	Opera Android Full support 24 Full support 24 Full support 14 Prefixed' Prefixed' Implemented with the vendor prefix: -webkit- No support 12.1 — 14 No support 11 — 14 Prefixed' Prefixed' Implemented with the vendor prefix: -o-	Safari iOS Full support 9 Full support 9 Full support 3.2 Prefixed' Prefixed' Implemented with the vendor prefix: -webkit-	Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 Full support 3.0 Full support 1.0 Prefixed' Prefixed' Implemented with the vendor prefix: -webkit-
3D support	Chrome Full support 12	Edge Full support 12	Firefox Full support 16	IE Full support 10 Notes' Full support 10 Notes' Notes' Internet Explorer 9.0 or earlier has no support for 3D transforms. Mixing 3D and 2D transform functions, such as `-ms-transform:rotate(10deg) translateZ(0);`, will prevent the entire property from being applied.	Opera Full support 15	Safari Full support 4	WebView Android Full support 3 Prefixed' Full support 3 Prefixed' Prefixed' Implemented with the vendor prefix: -webkit-	Chrome Android Full support 18	Firefox Android Full support 16	Opera Android Full support 14	Safari iOS Full support 3.2	Samsung Internet Android Full support 1.0

Legend

Full support: Full support
See implementation notes.': See implementation notes.
User must explicitly enable this feature.': User must explicitly enable this feature.
Requires a vendor prefix or different name for use.': Requires a vendor prefix or different name for use.